ΔH = E_f-E_b
ΔH = 80-100 = -20

nFE°_cell = -2.303 RT log(Zn²⁺/Cu²⁺)
=> 2×96500×1.10 = 2.303×8.314×298×log(Zn²⁺/Cu²⁺)
=> 37.3=log(Zn²⁺/Cu²⁺)
=> log(Zn²⁺/Cu²⁺) = 10^37.3

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log10	[Conjugate Base]
	[Acid]

A first order reaction has a rate proportional to the concentration of one of the reactants.
In this case the rate of reaction is dependent on A and not dependent on B.
So this is first order reaction.
So Rate = k[A][B]
=> mole/(liter.sec) = k(mole/liter)²
=> k = mole^-1liter.sec^-1

4f is shielded more than 5f

Rh(I), Ir(I), Pd(II), Pt(II), and Au(III) belongs to square planar geometry.

The asymmetric molecules that have no center, axis of symmetry rotates the plane of polarized light.
The simplest type of asymmetric molecules (chiral molecule)is one which have four different group attached to same carbon item.
Compound (1) does not have any plane of symmetry, so it is optically active.

Secondary structure in proteins consists α-helics and β-sheets structures.
These structures are formed as a result of H-bonding between different peptide groups.

This is a Carbylamine reaction.
The Carbylamine reaction is a chemical test for detection of primary amines
So the outputs are:
C₂H₅NC and 3KCl

If a group takes a negative charge by induction, the group possess a -I effect.
If a group takes a positive charge by induction, the group possess a +I effect.
If a group takes a negative charge by resonance, the group possess a -R effect.
If a group takes a positive charge by resonance, the group possess a +R effect.
-NO₂ group in benzene ring shows -I and -R effect, which deactivates the ring towards electrophilic substitution but activates it towards nucleophilic substitution.

Bond order is the number of bonds between a pair of atoms.
Bond order= 1/2(number of bonding orbital - number of anti bonding orbital)
In C₂, bond order=2 (diamagnetic)
In C₂⁺, bond order=1.5 (paramagnetic)

In NO, bond order=2.5 (paramagnetic)
In NO⁺, bond order=3 (diamagnetic)

In O₂, bond order=2 (diamagnetic)
In O₂⁺, bond order=2.5 (paramagnetic)

In N₂, bond order=3 (diamagnetic)
In N₂⁺, bond order=2.5 (paramagnetic)

The actinoids exhibit more number of oxidation states than lanthanoids because
5f orbitals is further from the nucleus than the 4f orbitals. So, 5f orbital electrons are held less strongly than the 4f orbital electrons.

In a mixture of ideal gases, partial pressure is the pressure which the gas would have if it would have alone occupied the volume.
The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.

Molecular weight of methane (CH₄) = 16
Molecular weight of oxygen (O₂) = 32

Let weight of methane (CH₄) = y
Let weight of oxygen (O₂) = y

Total number of moles in gas mixture = y/16 + y/32 = 3y/32
Mole fraction of oxygen = (y/32)/(3y/32) = 1/3
So partial pressure exerted by oxygen = 1/3

An isotonic solution is a solution having the same osmotic pressure as another with which it is compared.

H₂O [liquid][(n_g=0)] -----------> H₂O [gas](n_g=1)
Δn_g=1-0=1
ΔH = ΔU + ΔnRT
ΔU = 41 - 8.3×10^-3×373
ΔU = 37.9 kJmole^-1

Solubility constant (K_sp) = [Ag⁺ (aq)][IO₃^-(aq)]
1×10^-8 = s²
=> s = 10^-4 mole litre^-1
Molecular weight of AgIO₃ = 282.767
So s=282.767×10^-4 gm litre^-1
=> s=282.767×10^-7 gm ml^-1
=> s=2.83×10^-3 gm 100ml^-1

Half life of radioactive element

							

							    

							        

							              t1/2 = 
							        
							        

							               ln(2)
							        
							    
							    

							        

							            λ
							        
							    
							
 




so, 30 = ln(2)/λ  

=> λ = 0.023105   

Chiral objects are not superposable on its mirror image.
Twisted boat is chiral as it does not have plane of symmetry.

Steric hindrance happens when the size of groups, within a molecule prevents the chemical reactions that are observed in related smaller molecules.

The orbital that have highest value of (n + l) has higher energy.
(n+l) is highest for (n=3 and l=2)

The more the difference in electronegativity H and the other electronegative atom, stronger is the bond.
Fluorine is the most electronegative element. So the HF bond is the strongest.

6 mole of HCl produces 3 mole of H₂ gas.
So, 1 mole of HCl produces 0.5 mole of H₂ gas.
Volume of 0.5 mole of H₂ gas is 11.2 L.

x is a salt of strong acid and weak base.
In aqueous solution it produces ammonium ion. That increases the acidity of soil.

In an isolated system, a process is spontaneous if the change in entropy is positive.

Isotope have same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
So neutron particle emission will generate Isotope.

(Incomplete)
∧^°_CH3CO2Na = λ^°_CH3CO2^- + λ^°_Na⁺ .............. (a)
∧^°_HCl = λ^°_H⁺ + λ^°_Cl^- .................... (b)
Add (a) and (b)
∧^°_CH3CO2Na + ∧^°_HCl = λ^°_CH3CO2^- + λ^°_Na⁺ + λ^°_H⁺ + λ^°_Cl^-
=> ∧^°_CH3CO2Na + ∧^°_HCl = λ^°_CH3CO2^- + λ^°_NaCl + λ^°_H⁺
=> ∧^°_CH3CO2H = λ^°_CH3CO2^- + λ^°_H⁺

overall basic strength varies as
2° > 1° > 3°

In aliphatic compounds, carbon atoms are joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
Any aliphatic carbon with hydrogen attached to it, in combination with benzene ring, will be oxidized to benzoic acid by KMnO₄/H⁺

3-ethyl-4, 4-dimethylheptane

O₂^2- = 18 σ1s² σ*1s² σ2s² σ*2s² σ2P_z² , π2P_x²
= π2P_y² , π*2P_x² = π*2P_y²
Hence diamagnetic

Due to inert pair effect +2 oxidation state increases as we move down this group in group 14.
So , SiX₂ << GeX₂ << SnX₂ << PbX₂

3Br₂ + 6NaOH → 5NaBr + NaBrO₃ + 3H₂O
So 4 is incorrect

Greater the charge/size ratio of a cation, the mote is its polarizing power.
So 3 is correct

Molecular weight of H₂SO₄ = 98
Molarity of solution given = 3.6
So 1 liter of solution contains 3.6 moles of H₂SO₄
So 1 liter of solution contains 3.6×98 gm of H₂SO₄
Let the density of solution = D gm/ml
So 1000D gm of solution contains 3.6×98 gm of H₂SO₄
Now (3.6×98)/(1000D) = 0.29
So D = 1.2 gm/ml

K = K₁×K₁
=> K = 1.0×10^-5 × 5.0×10^-10
=> K = 1.0×10^-15

As per Raoult's law:
Vapor pressure of an ideal solution is dependent on the vapor pressure of each chemical component and the mole fraction of the component present in the solution.
So, 290 = 200×0.4 + P×0.6
=> P = 350

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS = 0
=> ΔH = TΔS
=> T = 179.1/160.2 = 1118 (approx.)